SUMMARY Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease affecting tear quality and/or production and eye surface and is one of the most common eye disorders found in clinical practice. The association between psychiatric disorders and dry eye has been the subject of several studies since patients with this syndrome present a tendency toward a depressive mood. This narrative review aims to demonstrate the relationship between depression and DED, which is due to the side effects of psychotropic drugs or the tendency of the low pain threshold of the depressive patient. The work was produced from the analysis of 13 articles published during the last decade on this subject and demonstrated that the depressive state is linked to the appearance or worsening of DED resulting from chronic eye pain. Also, the treatment of depression with selective inhibitors of serotonin receptors causes inflammatory cytokine secretion with subsequent inflammation and apoptosis of cells on the ocular surface. The need for new studies on optimization of psychiatric treatment in patients with ophthalmic diseases, such as DED, was verified, aiming at the relief of symptoms and the reduction of psychological and eye damage caused by them.

Resumo: Este artigo discute a complexidade como um caminho para que produtores de conhecimento entendam a atividade científica e sua importância, não simplificando o processo de investigação através do distanciamento do sujeito, mas refletindo criticamente sobre as ambiguidades que acompanham a Ciência. Essa discussão deu-se a partir de um arcabouço teórico da Sociologia da Ciência e através da análise de respostas a entrevistas realizadas com pós-graduandos e docentes de uma universidade pública federal. Os resultados indicaram a percepção das influências externas na atividade científica, porém há pouca reflexão do que elas representam e o que é realmente a atividade científica. A formação de cientistas revela-se utilitarista, acrítica e não reflexiva acerca da complexidade da Ciência.

Abstract: This research addresses complexity as a way for knowledge producers to understand scientific activity and its importance, not by simplifying the investigative process through the distancing of the subject but, instead, by critically reflecting on the ambiguities that are inherent in Science. This discussion takes place within a theoretical framework of Sociology of Science and with the analysis of responses to an interview provided by postgraduate students and professors of a public, federal university. The results reveal the perception of external influences in scientific activity, but little reflection on what these influences represent on what scientific activity really is. The training of scientists proves to be utilitarian, uncritical and unreflective with regard to the complexity of science.

In this paper, we describe the development of low-cost teaching experiments of electrogravimetry for undergraduate students using principles of green chemistry. Copper was electrochemically deposited on brass under an electrical current density of 50 mA cm−2 from acidic solutions containing nitrate anions. Color changes at the brass electrode and of the solution were observed, indicating that the reduction of copper ions had occurred. The deposition efficiency values were between 92.8% and 93.8%, and the electrochemical efficiency values were between 85.6% and 86.5%. There was no significant contribution from parallel reactions. These experimental conditions facilitated the didactic exploration of gravimetric and electrochemical concepts. Following the principles of green chemistry, the experiments produced no toxic substances, all the materials could be recycled, and the energy consumption was the lowest. For this reason, this experiment was considered to be very interesting for didactical purposes.

Neste artigo, investigamos as concepções de ensino de ciências no limiar do século XX, mediante a visão de um teórico do movimento escolanovista na Europa, o alemão Kerschensteiner, que investigou e discutiu sobre a problemática do ensino a partir de sua prática pedagógica. Para tanto, buscou-se analisar as principais concepções acerca do ensino de ciências presentes na obra do referido autor, intitulada "Essência e valor do ensino scientifico-natural"*. Tomamos como contexto da análise o cenário sócio-econômico e político no qual o processo educativo estaria inserido no referido período, como forma de compreender a contribuição que o teórico trouxe para o entendimento da importância do ensino como um todo na formação do ser humano. A diversidade de idéias sobre educação defendidas pelo autor possibilitou importantes reflexões acerca da participação do aluno como sujeito ativo no processo de ensino-aprendizagem no ensino de ciências.

In this article, we investigate the conceptions of education in the sciences at the threshold of the 20th century, by means of the vision of a theoretician of the New School movement in Europe, the German Kerscheinsteiner, who investigated and argued for teaching from his pedagogical practice. For this, it we tried to analyze the main conceptions concerning the teaching of sciences present in the work of the author, entitled "Essence and value of scientific-natural education". Taking as the context of the analysis, the social-economic and political factors in which the educational process would be inserted in the related period, as a means to understanding the contribution that the theoretician brought for the understanding of the importance of teaching as a whole in the formation of the human being. The diversity of ideas on education, defended by the author, made possible important reflections concerning the participation of the pupil as an active subject in the process of teaching learning in the sciences.

This study investigated different understandings about the educational needs of a professor of Chemistry, related to "know" and "know-how". It was verified the convergence and divergence of perceptions of high school students from that point to literature and education legislation. The research was conducted in five states in northern Brazil. The results show the little dialogue between training institutions and secondary schools, since the different understandings about the training needs go in opposite directions.

The current legislation determines that the chemist must have a solid comprehension about chemical concepts. Literature presents the concept of mental model, which is determinant to the learning of phenomena and concepts. This paper presents some mental models that students of the Chemistry course at UFSCar have about chemical concepts. A lot of incoherence was observed in student's mental models, which is an evidence that there are problems in the learning of chemistry education.

The literature presents a new understanding of the teaching practice and the supervised internship.Mutual interaction between them is expected one providing subsidies to the other.The present article shows the conceptions prevailing at the São Paulo state universities regarding these activities.Students,when interviewed, report difficulties in dealing with classroom situations. It is possible to observe that chemists wish to prepare new chemists deviating from the objectives of a Chemistry course leading to teaching credentials .